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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Overview

Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder commonly diagnosed in children, though is also identified in adolescents or adults. It is marked by varying levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. These symptoms vary in severity and can affect school, work, relationships, and daily life.

ADHD is typically classified into three types:

  • Inattentive type: Mainly trouble focusing, forgetfulness, and disorganisation.
  • Hyperactive-impulsive type: Restlessness, excessive talking, inability to sit still, and impulsive decisions.
  • Combined type: A mix of both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms.

The symptoms of ADHD include:

  • Inattention:
    • Easy distractibility
    • Difficulty in sustaining attention
    • Losing things easily
    • Forgetfulness
    • Difficulty in following instructions
  • Hyperactivity and impulsivity:
    • Difficulty in waiting for one’s turn
    • Fidgety
    • Difficulty in remaining seated
    • Always on the go
    • Frequently interrupts during conversation
    • Difficulty in age-appropriate estimation of risk
    • Difficulty working in groups
    • Restlessness

The exact cause of ADHD remains unclear, though several risk factors contribute to its development, including:

  • Genetics: Family history of ADHD or related conditions.
  • Environmental factors: Exposure to toxins (like lead) in early childhood.
  • Alcohol and drug use during pregnancy
  • Head injury: Head trauma that affects brain function.

ADHD diagnoses is common in children but infrequently detected for the first time in adolescence or adulthood (ADHD in adults). Diagnosis includes the following steps:

  • Symptom checklist: Rating the frequency and intensity of behaviours.
  • History-taking: Gathering input from parents/caregivers and teachers.
  • Rule out other conditions: Ensuring symptoms are not caused by anxiety, depression, or learning disabilities.

ADHD can be treated by managing symptoms and improving functioning. These may include:

  • Behavioural therapy: Techniques to improve focus, organisation, and social skills.
  • Lifestyle changes: Regular routines, healthy diet, exercise, and proper sleep.
  • Medications: Stimulant and non-stimulant medicines that balance brain chemicals.
  • Parent and teacher support: Training programs to help manage children’s behaviours positively.

Patients are advised to consult their doctor for medical advice if:

  • A child shows persistent problems with focus, restlessness, or impulsive behaviour.
  • School performance, friendships, or home life are significantly affected.
  • An adult experiences ongoing issues with attention, organisation, or self-control that interfere with work or relationships.

ADHD cannot always be prevented, but some steps can lower risks:

  • Healthy pregnancy practices (avoiding alcohol, smoking, and drugs).
  • Protecting children from exposure to environmental toxins.
  • Ensuring adequate nutrition and regular physical activity.

For management of ADHD, parents or caregivers may consult a Psychiatrist (for diagnosis and medication) or Psychologist/Therapist (for counselling and psychotherapy).

Disclaimer:

The information in this Health Library is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional with any questions about a medical condition or before starting any treatment. Use of this site and its content does not establish a doctor–patient relationship. In case of a medical emergency, call your local emergency number or visit the nearest emergency facility immediately.