Ophthalmology

• Diabetic retinopathy: Damage to the blood vessels in the retina due to high blood sugar levels.
• Age-related macular degeneration: Damage to the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision, due to ageing.
• Retinal detachment: The separation of the retina from its usual position.
• Peripheral retinal degeneration: A group of conditions characterised by degenerative changes, such as thinning, tearing, splitting, or cyst development, in the outer edges of the retina.
• Central serous chorioretinopathy: Accumulation of fluid under the retina, resulting in distorted vision.

• Pterygium: A non-cancerous outgrowth of the conjunctiva (the membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelids and the sclera, i.e., the white part of the eye) that may extend into the cornea (the dome-shaped front part of the eye).
• Keratoconus: The thinning and steepening of the cornea into a cone-like shape.
• Corneal ulcers: Sores on the cornea.
• Exposure keratopathy: Damage to the cornea due to a lack of lubrication resulting from inadequate eyelid closure. 

Glaucoma: A group of conditions characterised by optic nerve damage, ultimately leading to vision loss and blindness. 

• Meibomian gland dysfunction: Inability of the meibomian glands (glands in the eyelids that secrete meibum, an oily substance that forms the outer layer of the tear film) to produce adequate amounts of oil, causing the eyes to dry out.
• Blepharitis: Inflammation of the edges of the eyelids.
• External and internal hordeolum: Bacterial infection of the glands of Zeis or Moll, which are present near the eyelashes (external) and the meibomian glands, which are located within the eyelids (internal). 
• Chalazion: A red, swollen bump on the eyelid caused due to the blockage of the meibomian gland.
• Dry eye disease: A common condition in which the eyes are unable to produce enough tears or tears dry out too quickly, i.e., insufficient lubrication in the eye; this may cause the blurring of vision.
• Conjunctivitis: Infection/inflammation of the conjunctiva.
• Ptosis: Drooping of the upper eyelid over the eye, obstructing vision.
• Entropion: The eyelid turns inward, causing the eyelashes and skin to rub against the eyeball, causing pain and irritation.
• Ectropion: The eyelid turns outward (away from the eyeball), exposing the inner surface of the eyelid, ultimately causing pain, irritation, and potential damage to the cornea.
• Lagophthalmos: Incomplete or abnormal eyelid closure, potentially leading to corneal damage due to its exposure to the environment. 

Acute and chronic anterior and posterior uveitis: Inflammation/infection of the uvea, the middle layer of tissue in the eye between the retina and sclera. This may affect the inside of either the front (anterior) or the back (posterior) of the eye. Uveitis may either occur suddenly and last for up to 6 weeks (acute) or occur gradually and last for over 6 weeks (chronic). 

• Blunt ocular trauma: Non-penetrating injuries to the eye, like a blow.
• Penetrating ocular injuries: Injuries in which a sharp object penetrates the eye.
• Papilloedema: Inflammation of the optic disc, i.e., the point of connection of the optic nerve and the retina.
• Optic neuritis: Inflammation of the optic nerve.
• Optic neuropathy: Sudden damage to the optic nerve.
• Corneal and/or eyelid tears