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Autism Spectrum Disorders

Overview

Autism or autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a neurodevelopmental disorder impacting social behaviour, communication, and social interaction. Children and adults with ASD may also show repetitive behaviours, restricted interests, and difficulty adapting to changes in routine. 

ASD is described as a spectrum because symptoms differ in severity and impact:

  • Mild ASD: Children function independently but have minor difficulties in social interaction and communication.
  • Moderate to Severe ASD: Individuals require support for communication, daily activities, and behavioural management.
  • Associated conditions:  ASD can sometimes overlap with other conditions such as intellectual disability, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or epilepsy.

Signs of ASD often appear in early childhood, usually before the age of 3 years. Key symptoms include:

  • No attention to auditory stimulus during infancy
  • Lack of verbal and non-verbal communication
  • Repetitive behaviours
  • Restricted interests
  • Lack of peer interaction and difficulty making friends
  • Sensory sensitivities (over- or under-reaction to light, sound, touch, or smell)
  • Resistance to change of environment 

The exact cause of ASD is not fully understood. Current research suggests that both genetic and environmental factors may play a role. Certain factors increase the likelihood of developing ASD:

  • Biological male sex
  • Family history of autism
  • Medical conditions like fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome, or tuberous sclerosis
  • Babies born prematurely (prior to 26 weeks of gestation)
  • Being born to older parents 

Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of behavioural assessment and medical evaluation:

  • Clinical assessment with various scales available to diagnose ASD.
  • MRI brain: To rule out structural brain abnormalities.
  • EEG (Electroencephalogram): To check brain activity and rule out seizure-related causes.

There is no cure for ASD, but early intervention and supportive care can significantly improve quality of life:

  • Cognitive and behavioural therapies: Help children learn communication, social, and problem-solving skills.
  • Occupational therapies: Support daily activities and improve fine motor skills.
  • Inclusive environment: A supportive home, school, and social environment helps children thrive.

Parents should consult a doctor if they notice:

  • A child not responding to their name by 12 months.
  • Lack of pointing, babbling, or gestures by 14 months.
  • No single words by 16 months or no meaningful phrases by 24 months.

There is currently no known way to prevent ASD, but risks may be reduced by:

  • Ensuring proper prenatal care.
  • Managing maternal health conditions effectively.

There is currently no known way to prevent ASD, but risks may be reduced by:

  • Ensuring proper prenatal care.
  • Managing maternal health conditions effectively.

Disclaimer:

The information in this Health Library is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional with any questions about a medical condition or before starting any treatment. Use of this site and its content does not establish a doctor–patient relationship. In case of a medical emergency, call your local emergency number or visit the nearest emergency facility immediately.