Bipolar Mood Disorder

Bipolar disorder can be classified as: 

• Bipolar I disorder: At least one manic episode (extreme high mood) that may be followed by depressive episodes.
• Bipolar II disorder: Repeated depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes (milder form of mania).
• Cyclothymic disorder: Long-term mood fluctuations with periods of mild depression and hypomania, lasting for at least two years.

Symptoms of bipolar disorder vary depending on the episode:

• Maniac episode (high mood):
  • Very active and energetic
  • Extremely irritated
  • Excessive appetite
  • Needing little sleep
• Depressive episode (low mood):
  • Feeling sad/anxious
  • Restless
  • Trouble sleeping
  • Lack of interest in everything
  • Feeling hopeless/suicidal

The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown. However, some risk factors include:

• Genetics: Family history of bipolar disorder or other mental health conditions.
• Brain structure in certain individuals: Differences in brain circuits or chemical imbalances that regulate mood.
• Environmental triggers: Stressful life events, trauma, or substance abuse may worsen symptoms.

Bipolar disorder is generally diagnosed using:

• Medical evaluation: Physical examination and lab tests to rule out other possible causes.
• Psychiatric assessment: Discussion of symptoms, mood history, and behaviour patterns.
• Symptom monitoring: Tracking mood changes over time to confirm diagnosis.

Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, but symptoms can be managed effectively with treatment. Therapies for bipolar disorders include:

• Medications: Mood stabilisers, antipsychotics, or antidepressants as prescribed.
• Psychotherapy: Talking therapies such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) to improve coping skills.
• Light therapy: Controlled exposure to light for mood regulation in some cases.
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): Used in severe cases when other treatments do not help.
• Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): A non-invasive brain stimulation therapy to improve mood.

Patients are advised to seek medical help if they notice:

• Mood swings are extreme and disrupt work, school, or relationships.
• Symptoms of mania (excessive energy, sleeplessness, risky behaviour).
• Feeling persistently hopeless, depressed, or having suicidal thoughts.

Bipolar disorder cannot always be prevented, but symptoms can be better managed with:

• Regular follow-ups with a mental health specialist.
• Maintaining a healthy lifestyle with good sleep, exercise, and nutrition.
• Avoiding alcohol and recreational drugs.
• Stress management techniques such as mindfulness, yoga, or relaxation exercises.

For management of bipolar disorder, patients may consult a Psychiatrist (for diagnosis and medication) or Psychologist/Therapist (for counselling and psychotherapy).