Cavities (Tooth Decay) Home A-Z Health Information A-Z Health Library Cavities (Tooth Decay) Overview Cavities, also known as “dental caries”, refer to the holes or areas of decayed tooth observed on the surface of the teeth. They are among the most common dental problems worldwide and can affect people of all ages. Symptoms The symptoms of cavity formation include:Visible pits, holes, or dark spots on the tooth surfaceHeightened tooth sensitivity, especially when consuming hot, cold, or sweet foodsPain or discomfort while chewing, biting, or eatingPersistent or spontaneous toothache Causes Cavity formation occurs when bacteria in the mouth produce acids that erode tooth enamel. Tooth decay can result from:Poor oral hygiene or dental habits, leading to bacterial infections Frequent consumption of sugary or acidic foods and drinksFluorine deficiency, which weakens the tooth Dry mouth Certain medical conditions which stomach acid into the mouth, especially gastroesophageal reflux disease or eating disorders Family history of tooth decay Radiation therapy (for treating cancers) which reduces saliva flow and weakens teeth Diagnostics Dentists diagnose tooth cavities during routine dental examinations through:Visual examinations: To check for cracks/dark spots on the tooth.Probing with dental instruments: To check for softened enamelDental X-ray: For detecting hidden cavities, assessing the extent of tooth decay, and identifying bone damage, if any. Treatment Depending on the severity and location of the tooth decay, dentists may recommend appropriate treatments:Fluoride treatments: Effective in very early stages to restore weakened enamel.Dental fillings: These help restore the tooth structure.Root canal therapy: This is required if decay reaches the tooth pulp, causing infection.Tooth extraction: In cases where tooth decay is severe, tooth extraction may be required, followed by the insertion of dental crowns. When to see a doctor? Patients should visit a dentist if they notice tooth sensitivity, visible spots/holes, or persistent toothache. Early treatment prevents cavities from worsening and protects surrounding teeth. Prevention Cavities can largely be prevented with good oral care and healthy lifestyle choices:Brush teeth at least twice dailyLimit sugary and acidic foods and drinksVisit the dentist regularly for cleanings and checkupsStay hydrated and manage dry mouth if present Specialist to approach For management of tooth decay, consult a:Dentist: For diagnosis, preventive care, and treatment of cavities.Endodontist: If root canal therapy is required. Disclaimer: The information in this Health Library is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional with any questions about a medical condition or before starting any treatment. Use of this site and its content does not establish a doctor–patient relationship. In case of a medical emergency, call your local emergency number or visit the nearest emergency facility immediately.