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Cluster Headache

Overview

Cluster headache is a unilateral (on one side) excruciating headache usually affecting middle-aged males. It is classified as a trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia (a headache linked to the trigeminal nerve with associated autonomic symptoms like tearing, nasal blockage, or eye redness). It generally tends to recur during a particular time of the year and continues for a few days to a few months.

Cluster headaches have a distinct pattern that makes them different from other types of headaches:

  • Rapid onset headache, reaching maximum intensity within 5–10 minutes
  • Always occurs on the same side of the head
  • Lasts for 30–90 minutes
  • Attacks often recur approximately during the similar times in the day and around same time of the year
  • Attacks continue for 2 weeks to 3 months, with pain-free periods in between
  • Severe pain around the eye associated with redness, tearing, nasal discharge, and forehead and facial sweating with change in skin colour on the side of the headache
  • Occasionally associated with drooping of the eyelid on the affected side

The exact cause is unknown, but possible factors include:

  • Sudden release of chemicals like histamines (involved in allergies) or serotonin (a brain chemical that regulates mood and pain).
  • Abnormal activity in the hypothalamus (a part of the brain that controls biological rhythms)

Diagnosis is usually clinical, meaning it is made by:

  • Detailed medical history and description of headache pattern.
  • Clinical examination to rule out other causes of severe headaches.

Cluster headaches require both immediate relief and long-term prevention:

  • Abortive medication for instant pain relief
  • High flow oxygen therapy
  • Specific medications (triptans) for acute attacks.
  • Prophylactic medication to decrease the frequency and intensity of pain
  • Lifestyle modification to avoid triggers like alcohol, smoking, or irregular sleep patterns.

Seek medical care if you experience:

  • Sudden, severe, one-sided headaches that repeat daily.
  • Pain so severe that it interrupts your normal activities.
  • Eye redness, tearing, or drooping of the eyelid along with headaches.

Although cluster headaches cannot always be prevented, steps can reduce attack frequency:

  • Quit smoking and limit alcohol.
  • Maintain a regular sleep schedule.
  • Identify and avoid personal triggers.

For diagnosis and management, consult a Neurologist (specialising in brain and nerve disorders).

Disclaimer:

The information in this Health Library is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional with any questions about a medical condition or before starting any treatment. Use of this site and its content does not establish a doctor–patient relationship. In case of a medical emergency, call your local emergency number or visit the nearest emergency facility immediately.