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Dental Plaque

Overview

Dental plaque is a sticky, colourless film that continuously forms on the teeth and contains bacteria, saliva, and leftover food particles. However, regular non-removal of plaque can lead to the hardening of the dental plaque, forming tartar (also called calculus), which is the leading cause of gum disease. As tartar cannot be removed by brushing and flossing, tooth cleaning by a dental professional is required. Initially, tartar appears off-white or yellow; later, it takes on the colour of the food or substances being consumed. Habits such as smoking, chewing tobacco, or consumption of tea, coffee, red wine, and chocolates can cause the tartar to appear darker.

The common symptoms of dental plaque formation include:

  • Fuzzy sensations on the teeth
  • Red, swollen gums
  • Bleeding gums, especially after brushing
  • Halitosis (bad breath) that does not go away

If untreated, severe dental plaque and tartar formation can lead to:

  • Cavity formation (tooth decay)
  • tooth infection and loss
  • Gum infections and gum diseases (gingivitis, periodontitis)

Plaque forms when bacteria in the oral cavity interact with starchy or sugar-rich foods, such as chocolates, bread, pasta, fruits, milk, soft drinks, or juices. These bacteria release acids that mix with food particles and saliva, forming a sticky, colourless film on the tooth surface. Key causative factors include:

  • Poor oral hygiene and failing to brush teeth
  • Frequent consumption of sugary or starchy foods/drinks
  • Smoking or chewing tobacco
  • Dry mouth (low saliva production)

Plaque buildup is often visible and may make the teeth feel fuzzy. A dentist can detect plaque and tartar during a routine oral examination. Regular visits to the dentist (at least every 6 months) for teeth cleaning are also recommended. In cases where plaque formation is severe, more frequent visits may be required. Dentists often recommend the type of cleaning schedule that best suits the patient’s needs.

Dentists use specialised instruments for the removal of plaque and tartar. The following treatments may also be recommended depending on the condition:

  • Application of dental sealants: To prevent further plaque formation.
  • Fluoride-based treatments: To inhibit the growth of plaque-causing bacteria and reduce the risk of tooth decay.
  • Application of prescribed toothpaste or antibacterial mouthwash: To help control bacteria.
  • Dry mouth management: To increase saliva production.

Schedule a dental visit if you experience:

  • Bleeding gums while brushing or flossing
  • Persistent bad breath
  • Swollen, red, or tender gums
  • A visible yellow or brown buildup on the teeth
  • Loose teeth or receding gums

The best way to manage plaque is to prevent its buildup before it hardens into tartar. Daily oral hygiene plays a central role in prevention:

  • Brush twice daily and floss regularly
  • Limit sugary or starchy snacks and drinks.
  • Stay hydrated to promote saliva production.
  • Visit the dentist regularly for professional cleaning.

For diagnosis and treatment of plaque/tartar formation, consult a:

  • Dentist: for routine cleaning and preventive care.
  • Periodontist (gum specialist): if gum disease has developed due to plaque and tartar buildup. 

Disclaimer:

The information in this Health Library is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional with any questions about a medical condition or before starting any treatment. Use of this site and its content does not establish a doctor–patient relationship. In case of a medical emergency, call your local emergency number or visit the nearest emergency facility immediately.