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Depressive Disorders

Overview

Depressive disorders, commonly referred to as depression are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders. They affect how a person feels, thinks, and behaves in daily life. Usually, they co-exist in individuals suffering from chronic (long term) illnesses such as diabetes mellitus, cardiac illnesses, stroke, thyroid disorders, and cancers.

There are several types of depressive disorders: 

  • Major depressive disorder: Severe symptoms that interfere with daily life.
  • Recurrent depression: Episodes of depression that return over time.
  • Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia): A long-lasting but less severe form of depression.
  • Bipolar disorder: Alternating periods of depression and elevated mood (mania).
  • Depressive disorder due to medical condition: Depression triggered by a physical illness.
  • Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD): Depression linked to hormonal changes before menstruation.

Symptoms of major depressive disorder include a combination of emotional, physical, and behavioural changes. A diagnosis often requires at least 5 of the following symptoms, persisting for more than 2 weeks: 

  • Persistent depressed mood
  • Loss of interest or loss of pleasure in previously pleasurable activities
  • Reduced or excessive sleep
  • Reduced or excessive appetite
  • Weight loss or gain
  • Loss of energy
  • Restlessness or slowing down
  • Difficulty maintaining concentration or indecisiveness
  • Recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideas/plan/attempt. 

Depressive disorders can be caused by a variety of factors. These include the following:

  • Genetics: Family history of depression may serve as a risk factor.
  • Psychological factors: Negative thinking patterns or past trauma.
  • Environmental factors: Stressful events such as job loss, relationship issues, or financial difficulties.
  • Underlying illness: Chronic diseases (like diabetes, stroke, or thyroid problems) may trigger or worsen depression.

Diagnosis methods include:

  • Physical examination: To rule out other health issues.
  • Psychiatric evaluation: Detailed discussion about mood, behaviour, and family history.
  • Blood tests: To exclude conditions like thyroid disorders that may mimic depressive symptoms.

Depression is treatable, and many people improve with the right care. Options may include:

  • Medications: Such as antidepressants, prescribed by a doctor.
  • Psychological treatments: Talking therapies like Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) or counselling.
  • Lifestyle support: Regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and good sleep habits.

Patients are advised to consult their doctor if:

  • Symptoms last longer than two weeks and interfere with daily life.
  • You experience suicidal thoughts or feelings of hopelessness.
  • Depression is affecting your work, studies, or relationships.

While depression cannot always be prevented, certain steps may reduce risk or recurrence:

  • Building strong social support networks.
  • Managing stress through relaxation techniques like yoga or meditation.
  • Seeking early treatment when symptoms appear.
  • Following treatment plans for chronic medical conditions.

For management of depressive disorders, patients may consult a Psychiatrist (for diagnosis and medication) or Psychologist/Therapist (for counselling and psychotherapy).

Disclaimer:

The information in this Health Library is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional with any questions about a medical condition or before starting any treatment. Use of this site and its content does not establish a doctor–patient relationship. In case of a medical emergency, call your local emergency number or visit the nearest emergency facility immediately.