Freckles

Freckles are generally classified into two main types:

• Common freckles (Ephelides): These are small, red to light brown spots that are quite common in fair-skinned individuals. They appear during childhood and increase during adolescence; however, they may fade with age. These freckles are usually seen on the face, neck, chest, and arms and darken during summertime.
• Age spots (Lentigines): Larger and darker than common freckles, these appear more often after the age of 50. They appear on areas with chronic sun exposure (such as face, hands, and forearms). Unlike common freckles, their pigmentation remains consistent throughout the year.

Common signs of freckles include:

• Small brown or reddish spots
• Spots that darken with sun exposure (especially in common freckles)

Both environmental and genetic factors contribute to the development of freckles. The main causes include:

• Sun exposure
• Genetic predisposition
• Fair skin, which has less melanin protection against UV radiation

A dermatologist usually diagnose freckles through a simple skin examination. No additional tests are generally needed.

Several treatment options can help reduce freckles, depending on their type and severity; these include:

• Laser treatments to lighten pigmentation
• Chemical peels to improve the skin texture and improve evenness
• Topical lightening agents such as retinoids or hydroquinone for gradual fading

Medical advice may be necessary if:

• Spots change in size, colour, or shape
• There is uncertainty whether spots are freckles, age spots, or early signs of skin cancer
• Cosmetic treatment is being considered

Protective measures can minimise the risk of freckles, especially new ones. These include:

• Regular use of sunscreen (SPF 30 or higher)
• Wearing hats or protective clothing outdoors
• Avoiding excessive sun exposure, especially between 10:00–16:00 h

The appropriate specialist for consultation regarding freckles is a dermatologist.