Haemodialysis

Dialysis is used for treating the following conditions:

• Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
• Acute kidney injury (AKI)
• End-stage renal disease (ESRD)
• Electrolyte imbalances
• Fluid overload

During haemodialysis, blood is withdrawn through a vascular access point (e.g., an AV fistula, permanent tunnelled catheters, or temporary HD catheter). Then, the blood is passed through a dialyser that removes waste and excess fluid and then returned to the body. Haemodiafiltration may also be performed depending on clinical needs.

Each haemodialysis session typically lasts about four hours and is usually conducted three times a week.

Preparations for dialysis include:

• Vascular access should be clean and functioning properly before the procedure.
• Blood pressure and other vital signs should be monitored before starting dialysis.
• Any dietary or fluid restrictions advised by your healthcare team should be followed.
• Medication may be adjusted to ensure optimal dialysis outcomes.

Haemodialysis is generally safe, but possible risks include:

• Low blood pressure or dizziness can develop during the session.
• Muscle cramps are also a common side effect.
• The vascular access site can become infected.
• Blood clotting or bleeding may occasionally occur.
• Electrolyte imbalances can arise during or after treatment.

After haemodialysis, careful monitoring and adherence to guidelines are essential to ensure safety and effectiveness.

• Vital signs and the vascular access site(s) should be monitored for any signs of infection or bleeding.
• Normal activities can be gradually resumed, but strenuous exercise should be avoided immediately after dialysis.
• Fluid and dietary restrictions should be maintained as advised by the care team.
• All scheduled dialysis sessions and follow-up appointments should be attended to achieve optimal outcomes.
• Any unusual symptoms, such as swelling, fever, or shortness of breath, should be reported to the care team immediately.