Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

OCD can present in different ways depending on the focus of obsessions and compulsions:

• Contamination OCD: Fear of dirt, germs, or illness, often leading to excessive cleaning or handwashing.
• Checking OCD: Constantly checking things like locks, appliances, or documents to avoid harm or mistakes.
• Symmetry/Ordering OCD: Needing things arranged in a certain way, becoming distressed if they appear “uneven” or “out of order”.
• Hoarding OCD: Difficulty discarding items, even if they have little or no value.

OCD symptoms usually involve both thoughts (obsessions) and actions (compulsions). Common examples include:

• Fear of contamination (leading to frequent handwashing or cleaning)
• Fear of misplacing things
• Desire to look appealing
• Repeated counting, tapping, or checking behaviours
• Excessive need for reassurance

The exact cause of OCD is unknown. Some risk factors include:

• Genetics: Family history of OCD or anxiety disorders may serve as a risk factor.
• Childhood trauma or stress: Distressing events may trigger or worsen OCD.
• Brain structure: Differences in certain brain circuits may play a role.

OCD is diagnosed through: 

• Physical examination: To rule out other medical conditions.
• Psychiatric evaluation: A mental health specialist will assess symptoms, thoughts, behaviours, and their impact on daily life.

Treatment for OCD often combines therapy and medication:

• Psychotherapy: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), especially Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), helps patients face fears without performing compulsions.
• Medications: Antidepressants (such as SSRIs) can help regulate brain chemicals linked to OCD.
• Advanced options: In severe cases not responding to standard treatments, procedures like deep brain stimulation may be considered.

Patients are advised to consult their doctors for professional help if:

• Obsessions or compulsions take up more than one hour daily.
• Daily life, work, studies, or relationships are being disrupted.
• There is significant distress, anxiety, or inability to control repetitive behaviours.

There is no guaranteed way to prevent OCD. However, early recognition and treatment can stop symptoms from worsening.

For management of OCD, patients may consult a Psychiatrist (for diagnosis and medication) or Psychologist/Therapist (for counselling and psychotherapy).