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Schizophrenia

Overview

Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder of brain characterised by a range of symptoms that include delusions (false, firmly held unshakeable beliefs or thoughts), hallucinations (perception of having heard, seen, touched, tasted or smelled when no such stimuli exist), cognitive difficulties, avolition (no desire to work), anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure), and withdrawal along with disturbance in speech and behaviour. Schizophrenia is usually a chronic illness and requires long-term management. 

The symptoms of schizophrenia include:

  • Hallucinations (hearing voices, seeing images, or feeling things that are not real)
  • Pessimistic thinking (negative thoughts or hopelessness)
  • Delusions (false, unshakeable beliefs not based on reality)
  • Disorganised behaviour (unpredictable or inappropriate actions)
  • Illogical speech (difficulty in expressing thoughts clearly)

The exact cause of schizophrenia is unknown. It might be due to a combination of: 

  • Genetics: Family history of schizophrenia is a risk factor for this condition.
  • Psychological factors: Structural or chemical imbalances in certain brain areas.
  • Environmental factors: Stressful life events, infections during pregnancy, or trauma may serve as risk factors.

Schizophrenia is usually diagnosed via: 

  • Physical examination: To rule out other medical conditions.
  • Mental health evaluation: A psychiatrist assesses symptoms, behaviour, and thought patterns.
  • Alcohol and drug use screening: To rule out substance-induced psychosis.

Management of schizophrenia involves:

  • Medications: Mainly antipsychotic drugs (medicines that reduce hallucinations and delusions).
  • Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT): Helps patients cope with distorted thoughts and manage stress.
  • Brain stimulation therapy: In some cases, treatments like ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy) may be considered.
  • Supportive care: Family counselling, rehabilitation, and social support improve quality of life.

Patients are advised to seek medical help if they or their loved ones experience:

  • Persistent hallucinations or delusions.
  • Disorganised behaviour affecting daily life.
  • Withdrawal from family and friends.
  • Suicidal thoughts or severe hopelessness.

Schizophrenia cannot be completely prevented, but early intervention can improve outcomes:

  • Seeking treatment at the first sign of symptoms.
  • Avoiding alcohol and recreational drug use.
  • Managing stress through relaxation techniques and therapy.

For management of schizophrenia, patients may consult a Psychiatrist (for diagnosis and medication), Psychologist/Therapist (for counselling and psychotherapy), or Neurologist (if needed, to rule out brain-related causes).

Disclaimer:

The information in this Health Library is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional with any questions about a medical condition or before starting any treatment. Use of this site and its content does not establish a doctor–patient relationship. In case of a medical emergency, call your local emergency number or visit the nearest emergency facility immediately.