Specific Learning Disorders (SLD) Home A-Z Health Information A-Z Health Library Specific Learning Disorders (SLD) Overview Specific learning disorders (SLDs) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterised by difficulty with academic skills, such as reading, writing, mastering numbers, performing calculations, and mathematical reasoning. When identified, a certificate from authorised government centres can enable individuals to access special accommodations during board and university examinations. Types The types of learning disorders are as follows:Dyslexia: Difficulty in understanding written language.Dysgraphia: Difficulty in writing, i.e., expressing thoughts on paper and the physical acts of writing.Dyscalculia: Difficulty in understanding number-based information and performing arithmetic calculations. Symptoms The symptoms of learning disorders are as follows:Difficulty in spelling wordsDifficulty in reading and writingDifficulty in understanding concepts Causes The causes of learning disorders remain unclear thus far. Nevertheless, researchers have pinpointed the following potential causes and risk factors for these disorders:Prenatal and neonatal factors, for e.g., abnormalities in brain developmentGeneticsMalnutritionTrauma, i.e., injuries to the brain Diagnostics Healthcare specialists diagnose learning disorders via the following methods:Collection of medical and family historyInterviews and assessments to observe the patient’s comprehension, reading, and writing skills and general cognitive abilities.Psychological evaluationCriteria checklist Treatment Currently, there is no cure for SLDs and no medications have yet been approved by the FDA to treat these conditions. Nevertheless, specific treatment approaches aimed at managing symptoms and improving comprehension skills are recommended:Special educational interventions: The use of specific learning strategies to help patients enhance their comprehension skills.Psychotherapy and mental health supportSpecific medications, such as mood-stabilisers and/or stimulants When to see a doctor? Parents are advised to consult their doctors if they notice that their children have any difficulties with reading, writing, or comprehension. Prevention There is no way to prevent the occurrence of SLDs. Nevertheless, early intervention, including timely diagnosis and psychotherapy, can greatly help children with SLDs adapt to their school/learning environments. Specialist to approach Parents/caregivers of children with SLDs are advised to consult a Psychiatrist (for diagnosis and medication) or a Psychologist/Therapist (for counselling and psychotherapy). Disclaimer: The information in this Health Library is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional with any questions about a medical condition or before starting any treatment. Use of this site and its content does not establish a doctor–patient relationship. In case of a medical emergency, call your local emergency number or visit the nearest emergency facility immediately.