Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME)

People with JME may experience different kinds of seizures:

• Myoclonic seizures are the hallmark of JME. They are sudden jerk-like movements of extremities, usually after getting up from sleep or while going to sleep. They occur in cluster with many jerks happening continuously and may vary from mild to severe in intensity. They may manifest as sudden dropping of objects from hands or frank jerks.
• Generalised tonic-clonic seizures are full-blown convulsions (muscle contraction and relaxation repeatedly) with abnormal posturing and jerking of the body. In JME, it is typically seen following clusters of myoclonic jerks.
• Absence seizures may also be seen in JME with the above-mentioned seizures. The patient suddenly becomes blank and discontinues all activities. After a brief interval, they begin to resume their activity without any awareness about the episode.
• Photosensitivity: The seizure attacks may get precipitated by bright flickering or flashing lights, as in video games.

The exact cause remains unknown. Genetics may play a role, as JME sometimes runs in families. You may be at higher risk of JME if you have:

• Family history
• Age of onset: JME usually begins between ages 12 and 18.
• Male sex
• Common triggers for JME include:
  • Lack of sleep
  • Extreme tiredness
  • Stress
  • Alcohol consumption
  • Flickering lights, such as strobe lights, video games, or light reflecting off ocean waves or snow
  • Menstrual periods for some girls and women

Doctors may use the following to diagnose JME:

• Clinical history: Doctors may use the following to diagnose JME:
• EEG (electroencephalogram): shows a typical pattern of 3-6 Hz generalised spike and wave activity with photosensitivity
• MRI scan: Usually normal, but may be done to rule out structural causes
• Genetic testing: Sometimes done, though not always required

JME can usually be well controlled with treatment:

• Antiseizure medications: JME can usually be well controlled with treatment:
• Lifestyle modifications: Avoid precipitating factors such as sleep deprivation, stress, poor drug compliance, stimulant drugs, and alcohol

You should see a doctor if you:

• Experience sudden unexplained jerks, especially in the morning
• Have episodes of blank staring or unresponsiveness
• Suffer from convulsions or repeated seizure-like events
• Notice seizures triggered by flashing lights or lack of sleep

While JME cannot be prevented completely, seizures can often be avoided by:

• Maintaining regular sleep patterns
• Managing stress and fatigue
• Minimising exposure to flashing lights or screens

For diagnosis and management of JME, consult a Neurologist (specialist in brain and nerve disorders)