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Limbic Encephalitis

Overview

Limbic encephalitis is a rare neurological disorder, in which an autoimmune inflammation of the brain predominantly affects the limbic area the part of the brain that controls memory, emotions, and behaviour), secondary to infection or cancers. It is acute in onset and causes altered sensorium, behaviour changes, and seizures.

People with limbic encephalitis may experience:

  • Headache and irritability
  • Behavioural changes (delusions, hallucinations, agitation, psychosis)
  • Acute to subacute memory loss
  • Seizures

Limbic encephalitis can be triggered by:

  • Cancer (paraneoplastic encephalitis): where the immune system reacts to hidden tumours (e.g., lung, ovarian, or testicular cancer)
  • Infections: such as herpes simplex encephalitis
  • Autoimmune disorders: where the body attacks its own healthy cells

Doctors may recommend the following tests to confirm LE:

  • CSF and blood investigations to detect pathogenic antibodies
  • FLAIR and contrast changes on MRI in limbic areas to detect characteristic changes
  • PET scan to check increased metabolism in these areas
  • EEG (electroencephalogram) to check for abnormalities

Treatment focuses on controlling inflammation, managing symptoms, and treating the underlying cause:

  • Immunomodulation with corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, plasmapheresis in the acute stage
  • Long-term immunosuppressants: with Rituximab and cyclophosphamide
  • Cancer treatment: Removal of the underlying tumour
  • Supportive management of psychosis and seizures

Seek medical care immediately if you or someone you know experiences:

  • Sudden memory loss or confusion
  • Unexplained behavioural or psychiatric symptoms
  • Seizures without a known cause

There is no guaranteed way to prevent LE, but steps that may reduce risk include:

  • Early detection and treatment of cancers
  • Managing autoimmune conditions properly
  • Vaccination and mosquito/tick bite prevention in endemic regions

For diagnosis and management of limbic encephalitis, patients are advised to consult with a Neurologist (specialist in brain and nerve disorders) 

Disclaimer:

The information in this Health Library is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional with any questions about a medical condition or before starting any treatment. Use of this site and its content does not establish a doctor–patient relationship. In case of a medical emergency, call your local emergency number or visit the nearest emergency facility immediately.